The slotting fee Essay Example

The slotting fee Paper In the financial report, Burns Philp, at the time of each acquisition, created a provision for rationalization. When restructuring cost was subsequently incurred, related expense was written off against the provision until the provisions were exhausted and, then, the expense was directly charged against the annual profit. This aggressive accounting treatment gave rise to problems as high restructure costs increased asset value in financial reporting despite uncertainty about the realization of the benefit in future. A slotting fee is an extra payment to supermarkets to ensure the availability of shelf space in supermarkets for the companys products. In aggressive competition with McCormick, Burns Philp paid substantial slotting fees to increase market share. Slotting payment contracts were often made for three or four years. In the first year, the relevant payment was charged directly against profit in that year. Meanwhile, the amount relating to subsequent years was capitalised in Other Assets which would be charged against profit in later years. According to AASB SAC4, expenses may be capitalized only when there is a reasonable expectation that future benefit will be realized to recover the amount. Otherwise, it is more appropriate to expense the total amount immediately. For Burns Philp, Large amounts of capitalised slotting fee were subsequently written off against profit in 1996($33. 9M) and 1997($136. 4M). Intangible assets valuation (1) Tradename asset valuation. VRC valued tradename assets using the relief from royalty method. We will write a custom essay sample on The slotting fee specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The slotting fee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The slotting fee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The valuer gets net profit in current year and assumes net profit from future years and then divides the royalty rate to calculate the royalty value in the current year and discount to the present value. One way to check the appropriate royalty rate is to see whether sufficient net profit has been derived from the use of a tradename to recover payment of the royalties in past years. Otherwise, the royalty rate should be adjusted to a lower level and the tradenames value should be written down. In the table above, the trend in these two rows was obviously not correlated. Another check focuses on calculating net profit. According VRC approach, the upfront slotting fees and the Ankeny restructuring costs which supported the achievement of long term strategy were not considered a relevant expense. With the poor performance in 1997, the cost was not recovered by long-term economic benefit and should appropriately be recognised as an expense. (2) Another issue is internally generated asset valuation. Regarding AASB1013, goodwill value is only recognised in financial reports when it is purchased. While when VRC valued the tradename, it included both purchased and internally developed tradenames. The consolidated value will make the value of tradenames overstated. As the tradename value of herbs and spices business was materially overvalued, it was written down by $435. 5M in 1997. Audit risk is the risk that the auditor may express an inappropriate opinion or accept financial information that is materially misstated. Audit risk is commonly assessed within three components. Inherent risk, control risk and detection risk.

AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING Essays

AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING Essays AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING Essay AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING Essay Chapter TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0: Introduction Most major metropolitan countries face the turning jobs of urban conurbation, loss of natural flora and unfastened infinite, and a general diminution in the extent and connectivity of wetlands and wildlife home ground ( U.S Geological Survey, 1999 ) . Almost everyone has seen these alterations taking topographic point in their local environment but without a clear apprehension of neither the causes of these alterations or their impacts. Most of the land-use alterations occur without a clear and logical planning with any purpose to their environmental impact ( Ahadnejad, 2002 ) . Land usage alteration is influenced by temporal and spacial factors that interact This chapter will reexamine all available literature associating to this undertaking within the available clip to give penetration to what land usage and land screen are, alterations in land usage and land screen, the assorted causes of land-use and land-cover alteration, effects of land-use and land-cover alteration on environmental variables and poetry visa, the effects of land-use and land-cover on societal variables and poetry visa, the application of GIS/Remote Sensing in analyzing land-use and land-cover alteration, the restriction and some past plants done on the subject. 2.1: Land Use AND LAND COVER A modern state, as a modern concern, must hold equal information on many complex interconnected facets of its activities in order to do determinations ( Andersonet Al., 1976 ) . Land usage is merely one such facet, but knowledge about land usage and land screen has become progressively of import as the Nation plans to get the better of the jobs of haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of premier agricultural lands, devastation of of import wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife home ground ( Andersonet Al., 1976 ) . Land usage informations are needed in the analysis of environmental procedures and jobs that must be understood if living conditions and criterions are to be improved or maintained at current degrees ( Andersonet al. ,1976 ) . 2.0.0 AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING Remote Sensing is the scientific discipline and art of obtaining information about an object, country, or phenomenon through the analysis of informations acquired by a device that is non in contact with the object country or phenomenon under probe ( Lillesand and Keifer, 2004 ) . There are broad scope of applications of Remote Sensing including Meteorology, Engineering, Geomorphology, Climatology, Geology, Land Use and Land Cover categorization, function and function, Agriculture, oceanology, Urban and Regional Planning, Environmental Planning and Health. This thesis seeks to research and explicate the application of Remote Sensing in Land Use and Land Cover categorization, function and change.A Information transportation in the field of Remote Sensing is ever accomplished by the usage of electromagnetic radiation measured at different wavelengths which will be discussed subsequently in the class of this research. 2.0.1 TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING The types of Remote Sensing could be grouped based on either the energy beginning or in regard to the wavelength parts ( Richards and Jia, 2006 ) . Based on beginning of energy, Remote Feeling Systems that make usage of detectors that detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from the of course available energy from the either the Sun or the Earth itself are called Passive Remote Sensing while Remote Feeling Systems that make usage of detectors that provide their ain beginning of energy for light are known as Active Remote Sensing ( Lillesand and Kiefer, 2004 ) . The wavelengths at which detectors measures the spectral coefficient of reflection of object scopes from the Gamma Rays to the Radio Radio Waves. But with regard with wavelength part, the scopes applied in Remote Sensing include: Optical Remote Sensing devices which operates in the seeable, close infrared, in-between infrared and short moving ridge infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum sensitive to wavelengths runing from 300 nanometers to 3000 nanometer. Thermal Remote Sensing Sensors which operates in the thermic scope of the electromagnetic spectrum and records the energy emitted from the Earth features in the wavelength scope of 3000 nanometer to 5000 nanometer and 8000 nanometer to 14000 nanometers with the old scope related to high temperature phenomenon like forest fire, and subsequently with the general Earth characteristics holding lower temperature. Microwave Remote Sensing Devices which records the backscattered microwaves in the wavelength scope of 1 millimeters to 1 m of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most of these detectors have their ain beginning of energy ( active ) which has given them edge over other types of detectors because of their independency to endure and solar radiation. 2.0.2 ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATION ( EMR ) Harmonizing to Lillesand and Kiefer, ( 2004 ) , Electromagnetic radiation frequently abbreviated E-M or EMR is a signifier of energy that reveals its presence by the discernible effects it produces when it strikes the affair. Since energy is involved, it could farther be explained as the energy propagated through infinite in the signifier of bantam energy packages called a proton that exhibits both wave-like and particle-like belongingss. This signifier of energy conveyance differs from other manners of energy conveyance such as conductivity and convection in that electromagnetic radiation takes the signifier of self-propagating moving ridges in a vacuity. There are several types and categories of electromagnetic radiation harmonizing to the frequence of the moving ridge which includes wireless moving ridges, microwaves, THz radiation, infrared radiation, seeable visible radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma beams in order of increasing frequence and diminishing waveleng th. For a assortment of grounds, there are some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are more normally used in Remote Sensing than other wavelengths ( Robert,et al. ,2005 ) . Distant Feeling Technology makes usage of the broad scope Electromagnetic Spectrum from a really short moving ridge Gamma Ray to a really long Radio Wave . Electromagnetic Spectrum Beginning:Education.co.uk Detectors on board Remote Sensing Platforms are used to enter electromagnetic radiation. As stated earlier, Remotes Sensing could be active or inactive based on the energy beginning. Concentrating on inactive Remote Sensing, utmost temperature and atomic activity on the surface of the Sun allows the emittance of a wide and uninterrupted scope of electromagnetic radiation. This electromagnetic radiation emitted from the Sun interacts with the ambiance, and interacts with the ambiance before being detected by a distant detector system in the air or in orbit ( Raber,et Al., 2005 ) . Some of the energy gets absorbed by mark stuffs like H2O and stones on the Earth s surface and these stuffs get heated as a consequence. The captive energy is so re-emitted at longer wavelength thereby doing the stuffs that absorbed the Sun s energy to go electromagnetic radiation themselves. A inactive Sensor like Landsat ETM+ and ASTER, which are both utilized in this research, will enter the electromagnetic radiation or spectral coefficient of reflection of mark stuffs based on the spectral declaration designed on the detector. Active detectors that emit their electromagnetic radiation are chiefly two types: Radar ( Radio Detection and Ranging ) , which harnesses microwave energy, and LIDAR ( Light Detection and Ranging ) , which harnesses the near-infrared or seeable energy ( Raber,et Al., 2005 ) . 2.0.4 REFLECTANCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY Based on the atomic construction of Earth s objects, different objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation at different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum ( Campbell, 2003 ) . In the seeable spectrum, these differences in brooding efficiency histories for the color fluctuations we see. Green workss for illustration appear that coloring material to the oculus because they reflect greater sum of green visible radiation than of bluish or ruddy visible radiation. Ploting the spectral coefficient of reflection degree of a given object or phenomenon by wavelength outputs a spectral coefficient of reflection curve, or spectral signature which harmonizing to Raberet Al.( 2005 ) is the Remote Sensing key to separating between one type of mark and another. Typical Spectral Reflectance Curves for Soil, Vegetation and Water Beginning:Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994 2.2.0 CAUSES OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE Identifying and understanding the major causes of land-use and land-cover alteration requires a clear apprehension of both how homo s decision-making procedures on land-use and how specific environmental and societal variables interact to act upon these determinations. It is besides really necessary to understand that determinations on land usage are made and influenced by environmental and societal variables across a broad scope of spacial graduated tables, from family degree determinations that influence local land usage patterns, to policies and economic forces that can change land usage regionally and even globally ( Eric and Helmut 2007 ) . The Land-use and Land-cover alteration theoretical account is normally governed by two wide complex sets of droving forces human demands ( social-economic factors ) and environmental characteristics and procedures ( biophysical factors ) ( Lambin, 2001 ) . 2.2.1 PROXIMATE VERSUS UNDERLYING CAUSES Harmonizing to Eric et al. , ( 2001 ) , the causes of land-use and land-cover alteration can be divided into two classs: Proximate ( direct or local ) andUnderlying ( indirect or root ) . The proximate, direct or local causes of land-use and land-cover alteration explains how and why local land screen and ecosystem procedures are modified straight by worlds, while implicit in causes explain the broader context and cardinal forces underpinning these local actions ( Eric et al. , 2001 ) . Proximate causes by and large operate at the local degree such as single farm land, individual families or simple communities while the implicit in causes of land-use and land-cover alteration originate from degree higher than the local degree including territories, states, or state ( regional ) or even planetary degrees, though complex interplays between these degrees of organisation are common. As a consequence of these complex interplays, underlying causes besides tend to be complex, formed by inte ractions of societal, political, economic, demographic, technological, cultural, and biophysical variables ( Eric et al. , 2001 ) . Some local-scale factors originate internally within the local degree and are hence endogenousto determination shapers and under local control. However, implicit in causes are usuallyexogenous ( arise externally ) to the local communities pull offing land and are therefore unmanageable by these communities. In general, implicit in causes tend to run more diffusely, frequently by changing one or more proximate causes. 1. Anderson, J. R, Hardy, E. E. , Roach, J. T. , and Witmer, R.E. , 1976, A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, United States Government Printing Office 2. Eric F. Lambin, B. L. Turner, Helmut J. Geist, Samuel B. Agbola, Arild Angelsen, John W. Bruce, Oliver T. Coomes, Rodolfo Dirzo, Gunther Fischer, Carl Folke, P. S. George, Katherine Homewood, Jacques Imbernon, Rik Leemans, Xiubin Li, Emilio F. Moran, Michael Mortimore, P. S. Ramakrishnan, John F. Richards, Helle Skanes, Will Steffen, Glenn D. Stone, Uno Svedin, Tom A. Veldkamp, Coleen Vogel and Jianchu Xu, 2001, Causes of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Traveling Beyond the Myths, Global Environmental Change, Volume 11, Issue 4, PP 261 269 3. Global Land Cover Facility, 2009, Measuring Man s Impact: Global Land Cover Change, Available online hypertext transfer protocol: //glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/services/landcoverchange/ , Last accessed 11Th December, 2009 4. Lillesand, T. M. And Kiefer, R. W. , ( Ed ) , 2004, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, New York, John Wiley A ; Sons 5. Mohsen Ahadnejad, 2002, Environmental Land Use Change Detection Assessment Using Multi-temporal Satellite Imagery, GIS Development Conference Proceedings, Map Asia, 2002 6. Raber, G. , Tullis, J. , Jenson, J. , ( 2005 ) , Remote Sensing Data Acquisition and Initial Processing, Earth Observation Magazine, July 2005 issue 7. Richards. J. A. , and Jia, X. , 2006, Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis, Springer Verlag Berlin Heideelberg, Germany 8. USGS, 1999, Analyzing Land Use Change in Urban Environment, USGS Fact Sheet188-99

Children with ITP

Children with ITP Free Online Research Papers ITP is a very rare disease that only affects 200,000 people each year, half of them are children. ITP stands for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura. Idiopathic indicates that the cause of the illness is unknown; thrombocytopenia means that there is a decrease in the number of platelets, and purpura refers to the purple discoloration of the skin. ITP is a non-contagious auto-immune disease that causes a person to bruise and bleed easily. In ITP the platelets are the target of the immune system. This compromises the both the production of platelets and the number of platelets circulating the blood. This disease primarily affects children although it can strike at any age. The exact causes of ITP are unknown; however some doctors believe that it may occur after a viral or bacterial infection, a vaccination, or an exposure to a cytotoxic agent. The immune system marks the platelets a â€Å"foreign invader† and the platelets are destroyed or â€Å"eaten† by special white blood cells called macrophages and T-cells. These cells destroy the platelets in the blood and they get eliminated from the body by the spleen. There are two types of ITP, acute and chronic. Acute ITP is often linked to an infection, is self limiting, and is the most common type among children. Chronic ITP is always of an unknown origin and usually affects adults. It is important that the parents understand that there is nothing they did or could have done differently for their child to not have this disease. Before a parent can understand the full spectrum of their child’s illness it is important that they understand normal. A normal platelet count for anybody, even children is 150,000 to 400,000 platelets per milliliter of blood. A child that has ITP can have platelets counts of 2,000 – 3,000 platelets per milliliter. Although a platelet count of 30,000 is enough to prevent severe bleeding in children. The goal of all treatment is to protect the child from severe bleeding. Parents tend to ignore most of the symptoms of ITP until they are more severe, because most of the symptoms are very vague, and most children get bumps and bruises from normal play. This leads to the child being at a much higher risk of severe bleeding at the time of diagnosis. All of the symptoms associated with are ITP are related to the low platelets and bleeding. Parents will see easy bruising, small red pinpoint spots (called petechiae), or purpura. Purpura look like small to medium blood blisters that form under the skin. The child might have cuts that take much too long to stop bleeding, unexplained bleeding from the nose or mouth/gums. The parent might also notice blood in the urine, stool or vomit. If a child has any of these signs they should be seen by a doctor right away. A Hematology doctor or blood doctor is usually needed to diagnose ITP. Because of its rarity most doctors have never seen a case of it. The only way to have definitive diagnosis is to do a bone marrow aspiration. This will rule out all other possibilities such as leukemia and cancers. The doctors will also run several blood tests and a urine analysis. the blood studies will show a count of the cells in the blood and how long it takes for the blood to clot. With the bone marrow aspiration the doctors are looking to see if platelets are being produced, because one of the problems with ITP is that the bone marrow stops producing the platelets. The goal of all treatment is raise the platelets to safe level and restore a normal or near normal lifestyle. The treatments for ITP vary depending on the severity and how the body reacts to the treatment. The primary course of treatment is high dose corticosteroids, also known as steroids, primarily they use prednisone. They will also try Gammagloblins such as IVIg or IgG. Immunosuppressive drugs are also frequently use in conjunction with steroids or IgG. Immunosuppressive drugs are often called Chemotherapy drugs. There is also a new medication that is being tested by the FDA called Eltrombopag. It is still in the final stage of the clinical trials, but shows a great outcome. The last and final treatment that is done when nothing else has worked is to do total Splenectomy or removal of the spleen. The goal of all treatment is raise the platelets to safe level and restore a normal or near normal lifestyle. The goal of all of these treatments is to suppress the immune system to a po int where it can â€Å"reboot† and not have a tendency to attack platelets. How a child’s life will be affected by the treatment is highly dependent on the treatment. A child with ITP can live a normal life (i.e. attend school, play non-contact sports) unless platelets drop below 20,000. some of the side effects that might be seen with the prednisone treatment are moodiness and irritability, they may develop a puffy face, have frequent urination increased appetite, and weight gain. When taking prednisone long term they will have growth impairment, they may not reach a full expected height. When taking the immunosuppressive medications the child will have side effects that similar to chemotherapy treatments. This is because a lot of the same medications are used to treat ITP as many cancers. Some of those side effects include weight loss, anorexia, hair loss, and over all ill feeling. When a splenectomy is done the child will have to be cautious of becoming sick. With a splenectomy the child is extremely immune-compromised and cannot fight even a simpl e cold. ITP will affect a child in many aspects of their life, but it also depends on the age of the child when they get it. As a preschooler they may never remember having it, but a school aged child or adolescent will remember what it was like. It is a scary process to go through. I hope that one day they will find a way to treat this without all the side effects that the disease and its treatments bring. ITP Foundation Helping Kids with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2009, from itpfoundation.org/Home.htm ITP, petechiae, and purpura . (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2009, from nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Itp/ITP_WhatIs.html Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2009, from lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hematology/bledidio.html Idiopathic thromobocytopenic purpura (ITP). (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2009, from www.mayoclinic.com/health/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/DS00844/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Young, J. (n.d.). Platelet Disorder Support Association. Retrieved September 22, 2009, from pdsa.org/index.htm Bromberg., E., M. (n.d.). AMG 531, a Thrombopoiesis-Stimulating Protein, for Chronic ITP. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/355/16/1672 Eltrombopag Raises Platelet Blood Cell Count And Decreases Bleeding In Patients With Clotting Cell Shortage. (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2009, from medicalnewstoday.com/articles/139768.php Inc.. (n.d.). HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION. Retrieved October 5, 2009, from gene.com Liebman, H. A. (n.d.). Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): An Historical Perspective Liebman 2008 (1): 205 Hematology. Hematology. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2008/1/205?maxtoshow=HITS=10hhit=10RESULTFORMAT=1andorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andfulltext=ITPandorexactfulltand=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCI Nugent, D. J. (n.d.). Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura of Childhood Nugent 2006 (1): 97 Hematology. Hematology. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2006/1/97?maxtoshow=HITS=10hith=10RESULTFORMAT=1andorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andfulltext=ITPandorexactfulltean=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT Research Papers on Children with ITPPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is Art

Globalization Essay

Globalization Essay Globalization, according to the basic dictionary definition, is the expansion of activities or ideas to a worldwide scope. Globalization: Brief Overview Globalization is a process that has penetrated all spheres of our life. Largely, it has been influenced by technological advancements, including increased mobility of information, money, and people. Basically, it has penetrated our lives so deep that one can easily take for granted the fact that he or she is driving an American car, watching Japanese LCDs, using American iPhone produced in China, eating some Swiss cheese, wearing Italian clothes and using French perfumes. It’s now a fact that globalization is a process that is observed worldwide and will unlikely be reversed in the nearest future. Globalization has made the world smaller – and most distant places – easier to reach. We are Experts in Globalization Essay Writing Naturally, since this is a process that has penetrated  too many spheres, it is becoming a subject of very frequent essays. We get dozens of globalization essay assignments on a daily basis and have the experience required to come up with an effective globalization assignment. For instance, globalization is a phenomenon that can be written about from the viewpoint of trade, information technology, industry, transportation, management, finance and dozens of other topics. Therefore it’s an incredibly vast topic to write on, and we are proud to have the ability to cover all sorts of essay topics. Irrespectively of whether your paper needs to be written from a rather general high-school or college freshmen perspective or this process needs to be analyzed from a more sophisticated approach and involve schemes, diagrams, tables, and drawings, we are able to effectively meet your requirement. Our writers will do the necessary background research and will come up with an immaculate globalization paper that is a 100% match to your query. Is Happy to Assist You with your Globalization Paper Of course, should you have any question or concern, you are free to discuss it with either our staff or directly with your writer. We take pride in our communication panels, which ensure the quality of service and ultimate customer satisfaction. To crown it all, we offer a free plagiarism scan that verifies the paper is fully authentic. If you have a globalization essay that you need help with, we will be glad to help you. is the service you can trust!

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular Essay

With reference to ONE country, discuss the ways that particular landscapes can come to symbolise national identity - Essay Example to its present view depending upon the predominance of particular nations and communities which were considered ‘literate’ and had the means and material to document their comprehension. The dominance of religion, race and its assertion on the human populations are still having far reaching consequences despite all the scientific progress. Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Inca, China and India have their own peculiarities associated with the geographical features of their particular regions. However the most visible effect on the world has been that of European dominance, particularly the English colonial era and its impact in influencing the mindset of the people who were subject to colonial rule. The Earth without its living mass is a very cruel and inhospitable territory. It is just a small speck in the vast magnanimity of the limitless universe. Visualized from a perspective of an alien, one cannot but wonder how life has evolved on this planet. There is a continuous struggle for existence between the forces of nature and the living things, be it plant or animal. Man being the supposedly most intelligent living form on this planet has modified nature in a manner suitable for the sustenance of its own species. Plants, animals, water and land have been tamed and manipulated by mankind to serve its own survival. However as a corollary the Earth has also imparted its own colour on mankind depending upon locale, resources and material and given rise to particular and distinct communities. The cultural identity thus owes much to mother earth. Mankind has further elaborated itself into the form of countries or nations which have come to symbolize the manner, in which people live, behave and work. This has lead to our present perspective of the world wherein we can clearly demarcate the national identities of people and come to expect particular behaviour patterns from people belonging to a nation. The longitude and latitude, water and mineral

Class. Race, Gender, Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Class. Race, Gender, Sexuality - Essay Example On the other hand, race and gender influence social position of women and men, their educational and work opportunities (Foley 70). Race and gender have a great impact on social inequalities and rights, freedoms and life challenges. Through a complex interaction of identification processes, symbol systems, and social institutions, gender differences are produced--typically in the form of a dichotomy that not only opposes masculinity to femininity but also translates these oppositional differences into gender hierarchy, the privileging of traits and activities defined as masculine over those defined as feminine. Thus, although it is important to recognize the cultural variation in how gender differences are formed and expressed, it is also important to stress the political nature of gender as a system of difference construction and hierarchical dichotomy production that is constitutive of almost all contemporary societies. From the point of views of the ethnographer, the categories of class, race, gender and sexuality can be separable because they determine different social processes which can be considered in isolation. For instance, it is possible speak about race or sexual prejudices, stereotypes and inequalities. In education, race and class prejudice can affect groups' achievement and those who are minority students (Foley 72). Classes exist in a given society to the extent that there are significant links between these three levels of social life: if economically determined posi ¬tions correlate significantly with people's lived experience and consciousness, and if both of these have a significant bearing on how they behave as consumers, workers or citizens - on how they live, the organizations they join, the parties they support, and so on. On the other hand, gender and sexuality can also be considered in isolation in such cases as discrimination and sexual harassment. Foley (1990) underlines that: "they [men] gained their gender status through winning a male's attention and loyalty and through domesticating a sexually restless, domineering male" (69). Women becomes a suffer group because they often come to be stereotyped as victims. By bridging the personal and the political, gender also provides an alternative basis for action; helping to build up networks that cross other boundaries, whose actions have become increasingly significant. These categories are not fixed changing over time. During the XX century, different theories were developed in order to describe and interpret the ideas of race and sexuality. For instance, Foley (1990) speaks about such thing as 'bonded sexuality' typical for mexian communities. "This idea of a "bonded sexuality" legitimates pre-marital sex in a traditional cultural setting. This exchange relationship between males and females was not necessarily egalitarian, however. Each sex made rather different concessions for the advantages gained" (70). There is a shift in attitudes towards greater acceptance of gender and sexual equality, despite abundant evidence of continuing prejudice, inertia and discrimination. Till the beginning of the XX century, women sexuality was also ways denied. Recent years the understanding of race has been changed, because as a

Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys - Essay Example The novella deals with the issue of how Antoinette falls in to madness, using a variety of narrators to look at this issue from different viewpoints; all of these narrators are taken from Bronte's novel, for example, Rochester, Grace Poole and Antoinette. The novella is therefore directly based on Jane Eyre, but changes the names of the characters, and uses characters taken from this book to expand upon the issues discussed within this book, using other techniques, such as changing the timeframe of the book (to the late 1830's), through which she is then able to discuss the issues she wishes to approach. As such, we can see that Wide Sargasso Sea shows much use of originality, whilst appropriating many of the main features (characters/events etc) from Jane Eyre. Whilst many of Bronte's characters are appropriated by Rhys, they are changed in subtle ways, in order that they can be used by Rhys as devices with which she can make her desired points in the novella. For example, one of the main aims of Wide Sargasso Sea is to discuss the issue of emancipation; Antoinette, and the different timeframe, and the different viewpoints of the narrators are thus used as tools by Rhys to be able to explore this issue. In add

Compare and Contrast images of L.A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and Contrast images of L.A - Essay Example Ponce’s use of imagery and description in the text makes you feel like you are actually right there with her watching Roy Rogers and Cassidy movies on Sundays. Her joyful tone makes it seem as if life in those days was much easier and less demanding than it is today in our global rat race. In those days, the people would look forward to Father Mueller’s western movies after rosary; it would create a break from monotony and encourage socialization. Today, I’m sure, a teenager would not be caught dead at a social organized by the church, and instead they prefer going to the theatres/movies (which are now extremely affordable), the discos and other places where â€Å"occasions of sin† are very likely to happen. Her word choice is superb; especially the mixture of Spanish and English when relaying a conversation shows the Spaniards character: hot, bubbly and dramatic. The tone of the text gives the reader a sense of excitement and a want to read more, to see w hat is going to happen next. You almost feel as if you want to go back to that day and age and live the author’s life. In almost all aspects, both authors write in the same manner, but of different things. The author also shows the cheekiness of a teenage girl when she speaks of her loyalty to the older ladies for whom she translates the films: â€Å"At times the movies were too long, the plot too predictable. I would tire of my job and yearn to sit in front with Elena. By now I had spent the money given me by Dona Luisa and the Trinidads. As the show dragged on, I fidgeted in my seat, edging toward Elena. Once I had collected mas cincos, I sought ways to escape from the boring job of translating an old cowboy movie. One usually worked†¦ (pg. 805, p. 5). I remained unruffled, my fist tight around the nickels I had earned, as I pushed my way toward Elena. Around me the thoroughly confused women sat in wonder at this sudden turn of events. They squabbled, each wanting to believe only what they had seen on the white screen, until told to â€Å"hush† by those sitting in back†¦. (pg. 806, p. 3). At times I felt guilty about the translation and the nickels, especially when the senoras began to bicker among themselves. My guilt would last until the following Sunday, when once more I might recite an original version of an old western. (pg. 807)† In this respect, we see how children and teenagers have not really evolved much throughout the years, the feelings, the attitudes and the actions are still very much the same. Sure, today one does not have to translate a movie, but it can be seen at events where a teenager who shows up with his/her parents will stay with them only until they can find their friend and soon they are off. There is also still what one might call a â€Å"great divide† between the popular kids and the not so popular kids: â€Å"When she saw me changing my dress for las vistas, Trina would just snicker. â€Å"I wouldn’t be caught at them old movies. It’s not hip!† â€Å"I like em.† â€Å"That’s cause you’re a square.† She tossed back her pageboy, arched her eyebrows (just like Joan Crawford), and then locked herself in the

Personal Philosophy Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Philosophy - Research Paper Example Finally, I share my view in my personal philosophy’s implications for contemporary and future nursing roles. Keywords: personal philosophy, nursing, patient care, health, Jean Watson Having been exposed to the nursing profession has empowered me to adopt a deeper life perspective in terms of this chosen career of mine. Like most people, I used to box nursing into a job for people who are knowledgeable about health care and applying such knowledge to patients. I also expected nurses to treat their patients kindly, short of patronizing their whims in order for them to recuperate soon. Tasks of nurses were limited to administering medication as ordered by the physician, monitoring patients’ vital signs, making sure that patients are comfortable and ensuring that their environments are clean and sanitary. Upon entering the field, I realized I was right, but what I knew was just the tip of the iceberg. Nursing is so much more than that! It involves a deeper meaning of care a nd understanding of the person being cared for. My philosophy about nursing broadened as time went by. For me, a nurse has multiple roles. More than a caregiver, she is an educator, an advocate, a counsellor, a manager and a researcher. She is a lifelong learner who tirelessly researches about the latest developments in health care and promotes health practices to her patients. She makes sure they understand what they are going through because in doing so, it gives them power over their illness. Providing them with all the support they need, the nurse involves with the patients’ families and even the community. Focusing on the patients entails the nurse being compassionate to their condition, loving, dependable, empathetic and comforting. The patients are made to feel special, like a beloved family member of the nurse, and not just a generic patient in need of treatment. Quality care is ensured resulting in overall positive outcomes for the patient. The patient is seen as a p erson with rights to excellent health care. This is not limited to medical care, but to other aspects that affect his health and well-being: physical, psychological, spiritual and cultural. Nurses should take all these in consideration when caring for the person. The patient should be accorded with utmost respect and not be made to feel like a burden because of his illness. His pain and suffering from the illness is not shared by anyone else so he is the expert in terms of how he feels and this should always be considered in his treatment. The environment where the patient is cared for, whether it is a hospital or clinic, is conducive to healing because it considers all the factors affecting the person’s health and well-being (physical, psychological, spiritual and cultural). It is the role of the nurse that the needs of the patient in all these areas are met. Health is the outcome of the interaction of a person with the environment and constantly changes over time. This impl ies that efficient nursing care achieves the health goals for the person being cared for adopting the most current and most effective interventions for his illness and customizing it to the person’s personal, family and cultural background. My nursing philosophy has been heavily influenced by Jean Watson, a nursing theorist who proposed the Theory of Human Caring. This

A Streetcar named disire Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar named disire Essay Blanche is an extremely volatile, and is physically and emotionally insecure character to say the least. Her instabilities range from excessive vanity, to a need for alcohol, and a need to find unconditional love. Indeed, one could say that Blanche was a brought up as a prim and proper lady, yet in reality, like the white she is often referred to, time has tainted her. Prior to Blanches introduction, an atmosphere is set that is greatly linked to Blanche, while set in Elysian fields the setting is quite different to its name. Primarily, the houses have a white frame, weathered gray implying innocence lost. This idea is set many times throughout the course of this play in relation to Blanche. Even in the introduction, this idea is used a number of times with phrases like; faded white stairs, the dim white building. An atmosphere of decay is depicted through out the play with the colour brown. Be it the brown river, or even the whiskey Blanche relies on, brown tends to symbolize negative facts. This taps into another idea, one could also say that colour plays a big part for blanche, as it does not only coincide with her love of fashion, but the book lets it, and music display emotions felt in specific parts of scenes. This is evident especially by the music playing in the background, the blue piano. This music instills a degree of melancholy on the reader, and as the title suggests (and similarly to the Blues) is a depiction of morbidity in the atmosphere, and yet it is only present to Blanche. Even in the initial dialogue of the play, sexual innuendoes appear in abundance. This is initially in the form of an icy cold wave up and down her and the vendor shouting Red hot! Phallic metaphors are used in the description of Meat, and are relevant to Stella and Stanleys relationship (focused on immediately after) as it is a very sexually charged, and is a somewhat animalistic relationship. On Blanches arrival, in a state of shocked disbelief (due to the inconceivable surroundings she is in), she is dressed in a white suit with ear-rings of pearl and white gloves, stating her mask of white purity. With this exposition, her age is revealed, as she must not be exposed to harsh light, and must therefore be wrinkled. She is referred to as a moth, due to her false whiteness, but also because of her fidgety, uncertain mannerisms (common in alcoholics). Blanches backwardness is made clear for the first time in her bid to cling to the past by calling Mrs. Stanley Kowalski, Stella DuBois. This also signifies the period the play was written as the female is referred to through her husband. From this moment on, Blanche is noticeably dismissive of Eunice, holds a derogatory sarcasm through out. Her repetitions of the same word to Eunices varied question are extremely dismissive, yet her vanity peers through in stating, Yes? as a question on news Stella spoke of her. On mention of Belle Reve, we come to realize that it means beautiful dream. This is obviously not the case though, as Blanche immediately goes off the point when its upkeep is mentioned. Blanche behaves very haughtily in the scene, and through the use of condescending language, and unsubtle hints (id like to be left alone), managed to offend, and therefore get rid of Eunice. This disassociation she wishes to have with Eunice not only portrays blanche in a haughty light, but also gives the impression that Blanche feels in Belle Reve, someone like Eunice would be have been her servant. Blanche is an extremely nervous person, and catches her breath with a startled gesture on hearing a cat screech. A reason for this nervous reaction is apparent when we realize her affiliation with whiskey. Not only does she drink the whiskey uninvited, but she attempts to mask her tracks as well. This is a primary indication that she is an alcoholic as is talking to ones self (Ive got to keep hold of myself).

Duties and responsibilities of Event Management

Duties and responsibilities of Event Management INTRODUCTION Event manager is a person of vision, energy, and commitment in a position of responsibility and authority. An event manager plays myriad professional roles. Event managers and their teams are often behind-the-scenes running the event. Event managers may also be involved in more than just the planning and execution of the event, but also brand building, marketing and communication strategy. The event manager is experts at the creative, technical and logistical elements that help an event succeed. This includes event design, audio-visual production, scriptwriting, logistics, budgeting, and negotiation and, of course, client service. It is a multi-dimensional profession. So now let us see some of his duties and responsibilities. An event manager is a, Project director: Set and define goals; schedule and assign tasks, Personnel supervisor: Choose, motivate, and evaluate staffs, Art director: Design theme, decorations and printed materials, Executive: evaluate long term results and make decisions, Accountant: plan budgets and balance the books, Facilities experts: find and use a site to its fullest potential, Public relations practitioners: target audience and develop publicity campaigns. Salesperson: sell the event to the organization, financial sponsors, and the public, Box office consultants: ticket sales and registration process. Program administrator: develop and schedule programming. Caterer: create nutritious menus and oversee food preparation. Captain: choose and implement food service system. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN EVENT MANAGER They will also attend the event to ensure everything goes to plan. Event managers supply to all types of services relating to the events industry a take on the responsibility of coordinating all the logistics involved in making the event work to the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction. They are follows: Personality An event manager should be able to present a calm, friendly, and courteous manner at all times. The five essential characteristics of successful event managers can be listed as: Detail- oriented Organized Full of energy, both physical and emotional Nurturing Flexible. Having a good sense of humor is a key apart from the above qualities. Motivation The job of event manager requires hard work and a service orientation; it is not a good position for a glory seeker. The person who wants to sit at the head table, give orders, and look important has the wrong idea of an event managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functions. Safety meetings and inspections During the risk assessment meeting the event manager needs to elicit all possible health or safety hazards associated with the goods, services and personnel to be used to produce the events. Specifically ask all vendors and suppliers to identify potential physical hazards and the safeguards necessary to prevent exposure to illness or injuries. Use this opportunities to communicate a commitment to safety in all aspects of the event. During preliminary site inspections the event manager should look for any event element or aspect of the event site that might have the potential for injury, scanning sanitary supplies and disposable diapers/ nappies, is sometimes considered a form of hazardous material, may be generated by first aid stations and must be disposed of accordingly. Particularly for outdoor sites, pest control may be important, perhaps requiring clearing and cleaning out of infested areas, spraying for insects. The event manager should determine if vector borne diseases are possible and work with public health authorities to control the vector. Sanitation and hygiene Cleanliness and hygienic conditions are imperative for many reasons, including health and safety from injuries or illness, but also for the comfort and the welfare of the event audience, participants, and personnel. Water is a critical component of health and hygiene. The quality and the quantity of the water must be accessed, particularly for outdoor events and temporary event sites, including the potential for water supply sabotage and the location and logistics of getting emergency water supplies. Free and freely accessible drinking water must be provided at all the events. Potable water must also be provided for cleansing needs and non potable water may be needed for dust abatement. Sanitary facilities must be in sufficient numbers to accommodate the expected numbers and types of users for the expected duration of the events. They must be positioned appropriately to serve the various event populations. Occupational safety is also a consideration. The catering operations must guard against such hazards as burns from cooking and serving equipments, cuts from knives or broken glasses, slips and trips on spilled liquids or electrical cords, falls, fire and fumes. Preparing an event record The event records mainly include: Timeline/ schedules Initial proposal Contacts Committees Correspondence Budget Site Marketing and promotion Promotional materials Registration Theme and program Audiovisual On the day of the event During the event, a manager should greet guest, visit at tables during the meal, discuss the sessions with seminar leaders, and generally see to it that everyone has the best possible time. Ideally, a manager will have delegated well enough to be able to do nothing but transverse the site, checking upon people and activities and chatting with guests to find out how the event is perceived. At outdoor sites and large events, event managers sometimes distribute walkie- talkies or wears beepers. Keeping the events on track The following steps are taken by the event managers to keep the events on track: Select volunteers; form committees Decide goals and themes Research audience Create event names and logo Choose evaluation methods Outline budget Contact potential sponsors Visit and select sites Diagram sites Make signs Plan publicity campaigns Contact media Design registration Audition and select performers Schedule rehearsals Draft menu Negotiate with caterers Choose serving style Shop for supplies Prepare food The big day Clean up and close Meet for evaluations Send thankyous Write and file reports Selecting an event The choice of a specific event will rest on three supports: Purpose ( fund raising, recruitment etc) Audience (need and characteristics) Organization (success lies in using the strongest resources) Special events held by organizations and clubs can center on such elements as: Food (bake sales, potlucks, award banquets, cooking seminars) Entertainment (talent shows, concerts, theaters parties, gospel sings) Merchandise Athletic endeavors Education Games Potpourris Choosing a theme A theme should be developed by the event manager for the event. Hobbies and careers, holidays, seasons, games, activities, history, costumes, ethnic culture, geography, colors, flowers, jewels, literature, and weddings can all form the bases of the special events. The date itself may suggest a theme. The site of an event may contribute to theme ideas. Names and logos should be selected with great care. Use a memorable name that clearly explains and identifies the event. One of the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tasks is to maintain the atmosphere of the event. Clever lighting can help spotlight a performer or speaker, encourage intimate conversation, or display artwork to advantage. Goal settings for special events and Conferences Raise funds for a specific cause, person, or place Build spirit among long term members ( heal a breach, solve a political problem, launch a new program) Facilitate information distribution/ exchange especially for large audience Recruit new members (specific or group of people) Celebrate, give awards, recognize volunteer efforts Attract publicity, reach new audience, heighten public awareness CONCLUSION Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of festivals, events and conferences. Event management involves studying the intricacies of the brand, identifying the target audience, devising the event concept, planning the logistics and coordinating the technical aspects before actually executing the modalities of the proposed event. Post-event analysis and ensuring a return on investment have become significant drivers for the event industry. For event management we should have proper communication skill and hard work for it. And we should be ready for work in out the event, only then we can become an Event Manger.

Fredrick Douglas Essay -- Biography Biographies Slavery Slaves Essays

Fredrick Dougalas Is it possible for one of our times, living in the free United States, to be bonded in the institution of slavery? One hundred and fifty years have past now since slavery was abolished. The institution of slavery kept the deprivation of women legal and the learning of the mind illegal. Among the slaves, there could be no men, or else that slave would not be a slave. Frederick Douglas existed among slavery only to later on escape and gain his freedom from those who oppressed and enslaved him. The masters of slaves were determined to keep their slaves ignorant so that they would not even think of freedom or the joys it. Slaveholders tried to keep their slaves happy, but yet under their control. Douglas would not stand for this. It was his intelligence, bravery, and determination that made Frederick Douglas a man and not a slave. Frederick Douglas was born and raised a slave. He had no other life in his youth. The harsh conditions of the institution forced Frederick to crawl into a bag at night and sleep on the cold ground with his head in the bag and his feet outside of it. This form of sleeping led his feet to be cracked with frost so badly that one could stick a pen into the gashes. Douglas and the other slaves were not fed a regular allowance of food. Him and the other children were called and eat coarse corn meal from a large wooden tray that was put on the ground. The children would be forced to eat like pigs gathered around left over mush. At the age of seven or eight years old, Frederick left Colonel Lloyd’s (a prominent slaveholder) plantation to live in Baltimore, Maryland with Mr. Hugh Auld. Mr. Auld was a man who had never bonded a slave and knew very little of the keepings of them. Neither did his wife, who (without the knowledge of its repercussions) taught Frederick how to read. After Mr. Auld forbade his wife to teach Douglas, Frederick decided he would learn anyway. He tried to read newspapers and was forbidden. Whenever Frederick was left alone, he would attempt to read only to have Mr. Auld come and snatch away whatever reading material he had. The little that Frederick was taught was enough for him to go into the streets and receive his lessons from the boys whom he was acquainted with. Though Mrs. Auld refused to teach him, Douglas was determined to learn and he did. Determination was the firs... ...me that turning point in his career as a slave. It revived his sense of manhood. Douglas was determined to live a free life. He tried to escape from bondage not once, but twice. After betrayal the first time, Douglas was sent to the city once again to live with the Auld family. Douglas picked up a trade and worked to gain wages. He devised a plan where he would contract his time and would pay Mr. Auld six dollars a week to allow him to do this. He would allow Mr. Auld to trust that he would not run away. He did this by working hard and giving Mr. Auld all of his wages. He would make Mr. Auld very happy and content with this agreement. At the height of this, Douglas escaped bondage. He was able to outwit his master and escape from the hells of slavery. Among the slaves, there were few who one could point out to be men for they lacked the intelligence, determination and bravery. Douglas was able to open his eyes and see that this life was not right. He viewed slavery as the greatest evil of his time. His successful escape proved him to be the man that a slaveholder could never keep. Bibliography: Narrative of the life of Fredrick Dougalass, Fredrick Dougalass

Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay -- Global W

The roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is particularly evident in the United States (US) (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). This paper attempts to briefly outline the portrayal and settlement of the debate on the existence of climate change within the three spheres of the sciences, the media, and politics. In the field of science, a well defined procedure exists to create scientific debate and controversy. The procedure begins with the scientific method, a generalized series of steps used to collect data and accept or reject hypotheses. It is important to note that the scientific method exists not only to prove ideas, but also to disprove them and to continually build upon understandings. From data collection and interpretation of the results, a synthesis of the experiment and discoveries made are submitted for peer-review. The peer-review process is formal review from other professionals in the scientific community, and is used to attribute credibility and academic quality to an article prior to publishing (UVictoria). Legitimate arguments in the sciences are based on data and, â€Å"sustained debate within the broader scientific community† (Egger & Carpi, 2010). Thecontinued interest and skepticism in the scientific commun... ...Works "Science" HowStuffWorks, Inc. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . Seymour, Julia A. "U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on Climate Change." Reuters.com Article Worries 'U.S., European Media' 'Worlds Apart' on Climate Change. Media Research Center - Business & Media Institute, 07 July 2011. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. . "What Does Peer-review Mean?" UVic Library. University of Victoria, 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . "The Discovery of Global Warming." Introduction - Summary. American Institute of Physics, May 2010. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. . Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay -- Global W The roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is particularly evident in the United States (US) (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). This paper attempts to briefly outline the portrayal and settlement of the debate on the existence of climate change within the three spheres of the sciences, the media, and politics. In the field of science, a well defined procedure exists to create scientific debate and controversy. The procedure begins with the scientific method, a generalized series of steps used to collect data and accept or reject hypotheses. It is important to note that the scientific method exists not only to prove ideas, but also to disprove them and to continually build upon understandings. From data collection and interpretation of the results, a synthesis of the experiment and discoveries made are submitted for peer-review. The peer-review process is formal review from other professionals in the scientific community, and is used to attribute credibility and academic quality to an article prior to publishing (UVictoria). Legitimate arguments in the sciences are based on data and, â€Å"sustained debate within the broader scientific community† (Egger & Carpi, 2010). Thecontinued interest and skepticism in the scientific commun... ...Works "Science" HowStuffWorks, Inc. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . Seymour, Julia A. "U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on Climate Change." Reuters.com Article Worries 'U.S., European Media' 'Worlds Apart' on Climate Change. Media Research Center - Business & Media Institute, 07 July 2011. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. . "What Does Peer-review Mean?" UVic Library. University of Victoria, 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. . "The Discovery of Global Warming." Introduction - Summary. American Institute of Physics, May 2010. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. .

Acquainted with the Night: a Story of Night Walks Experience Essay

Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† is told from the point of view of an unknown person. This person tells a story about how he/she has taken numerous late night walks, specifically in the rain. Using tone, diction, the title, structure imagery, and language, Frost writes a poem about a person’s late night experiences to relate to similar experiences that a reader may have encountered. With Frost’s word choice and the title he chooses to tell this story, the poem comes to exhibit a gloomy tone. Immediately after reading the title of the poem, it can be derived that the lines to follow will chronicle some form of darkness because the word â€Å"Night† in the title is a natural embodiment of darkness itself. To help support the gloomy tone initiated with the title of the poem, Frost chooses words such as â€Å"rain,† â€Å"down,† â€Å"saddest, â€Å"dropped,† and â€Å"cry† to populate the body of his poem. It should also be noted that the speaker in the poem is constantly distancing himself/herself from life and light as he/she out walks â€Å"the furthest city light,† tries to hide from the watchman, is â€Å"far away from an interrupted cry,† and is â€Å"further still† from the light of the moon. The fact that the speaker is unidentified gives more support for the poems gloomy tone. These elements, the tone, title and diction used, contribute to Frost’s purpose for the poem because they characterize the dark setting that allows the poet to write a story that is both believable and easy to relate to. Frost applies a structure and an aspect of imagery to the poem that allows it flow nicely while distinguishing each separate occurrence that the speaker mentions as he/she tells the story. Frost uses assonance as he rhymes â€Å"night† with â€Å"light,† â€Å"lane† with â€Å"explain,† â€Å"feet† with â€Å"street,† â€Å"good-bye† with â€Å"sky,† and â€Å"right† with â€Å"night† in an ABA rhyming pattern for each three line stanza and an AA pattern for the final two line stanza. These end rhymes give the poem rhythm. The poet also uses symbolism when talking about the aspects of night versus light. Darkness seems to come from the below and light from above as Frost writes of a â€Å"city light† and a â€Å"luminary light against the sky†. The darkness in contrast is seen far away from the lights and â€Å"further from the sky†. By utilizing components of the literal language in the poem, Frost emphasizes important points that he wants his audience to take note of to make the scenarios he discusses in the poem easier to understand. The poet uses the strategy of repetition a number of times as the words â€Å"I have† begin all three lines of the first stanza, the first two lines of the second stanza, the first line of the second stanza, disappears from the fourth stanza, and reappears in the fifth stanza and the last line of the poem. Frost does this to highlight that the speaker of the poem is familiar with the dark of the night. In addition, the phrase â€Å"acquainted with the night† is, including the title, repeated three times in the poem to underline the fact the speaker is indeed quite familiar with the scenarios that he/she is describing. Through tone, diction, the title, structure, imagery, and language, Robert Frost tells the story of how and why the speaker has become â€Å"acquainted with the night† with the purpose of relating what takes place in the poem to similar ordeals that a reader may have experienced. The poet makes the tone of the poem dark and gloomy so that the words the speaker says contain a more sinister and powerful weight to them. This helps to make the poem feel like an adventure.

Password Protection Essay

Today, everyone is having online banking account and   e-mail account . Safety is an important aspect. If some intruder steal our password, then we have to pay high price for it. So protecting password is a significant factor for each and every one in this e-world. This speech provides mechanism to protect our online password. Choosing a Good Password Your password is what tells the computer that you are who you say you are. Until we can do retina scans like in James Bond movies, the password is the best that we can do. But, because your password is like a key to your account, you need to safeguard it. Anyone who has your password can get into your account, and your files. Anyone who can guess your password has it. Anyone who has your password can pose as you. Therefore, you may be held responsible for someone else’s actions, if they are able to get your password. You may not wish this to happen. Tips on safeguarding your password * First and foremost, NEVER give your password to anyone. â€Å"Anyone† means your coworkers, your spouse, your systems administrator. In the event of an emergency, the sysadmin can change your password. Your sytems administrator never has a need to know your personal password. If someone needs to get onto our machines, and has a reason to be here, do not give them access to your account. Speak to the systems staff about us setting up an account for them. We would be very happy to give them one. * Make your password something you can remember. Do not write it down. If you really, honestly forget your password, we can easily give you a new one. We’d rather set your password once a month because you forgot it than have someone find it written down and gain unauthorized access to your account. * Make your password difficult for others to guess. This is not as hard as it initially seems. See the section below on chosing a good password. * DO NOT Change your password because of mail from someone claiming to be your systems administrator, supposedly needing access to your files!! This is a popular scam in some circles. Remember, your systems administrator never needs your password for any reason. If someone needs to ask you to change your password so that they can gain entry to your account, they do not have reason to be there. We run sophisticated password crackers on the password files of our machines.

Japanese Business Culture Essay

What do you do to prepare for this meeting? In order to prepare for this meeting, apart from the usual prepaparation with regards to presentations, brochures and other information material, information about the product as well as the company, etc, I need to gather extensive information about the Japanese business culture as the peculiar characteristics of this particular trading company with whom we are meeting. It is extremely important in international business that one should pay attention to prevailing business culture, customs and peculiarities of the companies from other countries in order to conclude a successful business deal. Therefore, I need to peep into material describing the Japanese way of doing businesses, their negotiation styles, things which one should avoid during the meetings, etc. What do you want to know about the trading company? The first thing which I would like to know about the trading company is its similarity to the traditional Japanese companies which possess certain typical characteristics. For example, one of the important things to know about this trading firm will be whether it is part of Japanese Keiretsu or not. The knowledge of this information in advance will help me to identify key features of Japanese trading firms who are still part of the large groups or Keiretsu. Knowledge about few characteristics of the firm will help us to present ourselves in a more comfortable manner at deal stage. I am presenting below few important characteristics of Japanese firms: 1) Connections are very helpful in this country, but choose your intermediaries carefully: the Japanese will feel obliged to be loyal to them. Select someone of the same rank as the person with whom he or she will have dealings. Moreover, an intermediary should not be part of either company involved with the deal. 2) If you know a highly respected, important person in Japan, use his or her endorsement and connection. Before you enter into negotiations, request a consultation, and then ask if you can use the endorsement and connection to further your business efforts. This method of using connections is standard practice among Japanese businesspeople. 3)Generally, the Japanese are not receptive to â€Å"outside† information. They will consider new ideas and concepts only within the confines of their own groups. 4)The Japanese tend to think subjectively, relying on feelings rather than empirical evidence. 5)Getting acquainted is the purpose of the initial meetings. You may, however, introduce your proposal during these preliminary discussions. During presentations, and especially during negotiations, it is essential that one maintain a quiet, low-key, and polite manner at all times. The highest-ranking individual may appear to be the most quiet of everyone present. For a persuasive presentation, you must describe how your product can enhance the prosperity and reputation of the Japanese side. Making these claims effectively requires a thorough knowledge of Japanese economy, business, and product lines. The Japanese will commit themselves to an oral agreement, which may be acknowledged by a nod or slight bow, rather than by shaking hands. Contracts can be renegotiated; in Japanese business protocol, they are not final agreements. After gathering knowledge about these typical characteristics of Japanese firms, we will try to compare this particular firm with these characteristics by analyzing the available information.   source: http://www.executiveplanet.com/business-etiquette/Japan.html Comment to student: click on the link above. You will find many links on this page with respect to business culture in Japan. The Japanese have been raised to think of themselves as part of a group, and their group is always dealing with other groups. This is viewed on many angles — internationally it is â€Å"We Japanese† vs. everyone else (more on that later), but in schools, companies, sections of companies etc. there are many groups and sub-groups — and not always in perfect harmony and cooperation as it may look on the surface. Dealing with Japanese on a one-to-one basis usually comes very easy to non-Japanese, but dealing with Japanese as a group can be a different matter altogether. source: http://www.thejapanfaq.com/FAQ-Primer.html about the V.P. and his/her delegation? There are certain things which we need to know about the VP and his delegation. The strong hierarchical structure in Japanese business is reflected in the negotiation process. They begin at the executive level and continue at the middle level. However, decisions will often be made within the group. Generally speaking, in business meetings the Japanese will line up in order of seniority, with the most senior person at the front and the least senior person closest to the door. In addition to this rule however, you may find that the most senior person chooses where to sit. It is important to bear in mind that in contemporary Japan, even a low ranking individual can become a manager if his or her performance is good. (source: http://www.communicaid.com/japan-business-culture.asp ) Further, it is important to know few personal information about the visiting team. For example, their level of proficiency with English, whether or not a translator will be required, the age as it is directly related to seniority in Japanese culture, whether they have travelled abroad to US or other Western Countries before because it may have serious implications with respect to few culturally sensitive issues such as some Japanese men who have not been abroad are not used to dealing with women as equals in a business setting. ..about their inquiry? The foremost thing about their inquiry which I will like to know is the nature of relationship they are looking to establish with our company with respect to selling our products in Japan. For example, are they looking for some kind of manufacturing joint venture in Japan, or are they looking to take distributorship or license for our products. Such information will help us to present ourselves in a better and precise manner and will help us in coming to common ground with them. One of the sources for finding such information will be the local Santa Clara office of the company. Further, internet can prove to be a useful source for finding more information about the company such as its web portal, its partners and vendor relationships as displayed over the website, press releases and third party comments available on the web, etc. When starting business in Japan and entering into initial distributor contract negotiation, many foreign executives are probably unaware of the potential value of their products in Japan, but you can guarantee that the Japanese distributors on the other side of the negotiation will have a very good idea of the value. source: http://www.venturejapan.com/japanese-distributors.htm If you are doing business in Japan with a Japanese distributor, then you absolutely must negotiate a strong agreement before starting in the Japanese market.   Another issue to be aware of, and which if uncontrolled will have a significant impact on the final percentage of revenue you receive, is that the Japanese market is awash with multi-layered distribution channels. Your Japanese distributor may in fact be a ‘master distributor’ who will pass your products through one or more layers of sub-distributors prior to it reaching its intended consumer or corporate buyer destination. In some situations its unavoidable – for example, if your distributor sells to a large Japanese company you can expect that the customer will mandate a trading company (usually one of it’s subsidiaries) to handle the purchase and take a 5% – 15% fee for its efforts. source: www.venturejapan.com/japanese-contract-negotiation.htm What do you want to highlight in the meeting with the V.P.? As discussed in the above paragraphs, it is very important in Japanese business negotiations with a distributor to explain to them the potential value of our products in Japan. It is important to present them with some revenue forecasts with respect to sales in Japan. First, you must know the Japanese value, not the US, UK, German, French or Italian value but the Japanese value of your product or service before you can negotiate a win-win relationship with a Japanese distributor. If you spent your first month doing business in Japan aggressively networking and information gathering you should have a pretty good idea of your product’s value. By comparing with your home market statistics you should also be able to extrapolate some reasonable revenue forecasts: idealized of course but an invaluable benchmark for contract negotiation with a Japanese distributor. Armed with the results of your first month’s Japanese business analysis, you stand a good chance of convincing a reputable distributor that they should put your product into their lead portfolio and invest in aggressively promoting it. Your ability to assert the potential Japanese value of your product and your ability to defend that value will support your justifiable contract negotiation claims to require transfer fees calculated on net revenues, not on your home market price list. The result is that you have a chance to get the best possible distribution deal for your company and a deal that could only ever be bettered by a direct entry into the Japanese market using a Japanese subsidiary company or office. source: www.venturejapan.com/japanese-contract-negotiation.htm If things look positive in that meeting, what would you expect to happen at the next stages of the discussions?   Even if the things look positive in that meeting, Japanese generally take time time finalize their decision as the decision making process can be very slow for Japanese firms. I expect the Japanese trading firm to extensively discuss the issue within their group in order to arrive at the final decision. From the pre-meetings, to the informal parties, the Japanese style of doing business will take the shape of an intricate spider’s web, where few outsiders can fully understand the implications of what exactly is occurring. Japanese culture effects every aspect of daily life. The cultural tradition of Japan reflects a strong desire to be harmonious, efficient, and most important, to promote group solidarity, and this is best achieved by making decisions based on consensus. Robert Marshall elaborates by saying that, â€Å"†¦group decision making in Japan promotes unanimity in result through consensus† {Marshall},[p. 7]. source: http://www.earlham.edu/~consense/scott2.shtml Comment to student: The above mentioned link is an excellent article on group decision making in Japan. Please read through it to gather more information on decision making in Japanese culture. How are your actions in this situation different from the situation in which you make the first move in order to find a licensee? The actions in this situation is different from my first move because I have a more informed and better view along with a clear understanding of the Japanese business culture and negotiation process now. My first move was a sort of unorganized effort to explore the Japanese markets. This situation is different in the sense that I am now preparing myself for specific company which has already shown little interest in our products and are ready to explore more about our company. It is very important to have clear understanding of Japanese culture, prevailign market conditions, information about the industry and knowledge of other peculiar characteristics before one can enter into a successful negotiation with a Japanese company. My initial failures have made me realize that in order to successfully conclude a deal with a Japanese company, one needs to present him in a manner that proves the value of our product with respect to Japanese market.

Benjamin Franklins Diplomatic Mission essays

Benjamin Franklin's Diplomatic Mission essays Benjamin Franklins single most significant contribution to American history was his diplomatic mission that convinced France to help America in their fight against Britain for independence. It may not have happened in America but it sure changed the face of the country as we know it today. As a matter of fact, there might not have been an America had he not gotten the help from France that America so desperately needed. It started with the Continental army suffering a series of devastating losses. With the pressure of all of Great Britain on Americas shoulders, Congress was grasping at straws trying to get all the help they could find. State militias were refusing to march and Continental forces were scattered all throughout the colonies. Congress decided they needed help, and a lot of it. Dutch funds were arriving but werent enough to put munitions in every mans hands. With men running low, Congress made a bold move. They were to send a representative to France to ask for help. Benjamin Franklin was their man. Franklin was sent in 1776 and arrived in France in late December to a warm reception. He was very popular in France and was addressed as Dr. Franklin. His popularity was to serve him well in his mission to receive assistance. He was obliged with many parties thrown in his honor and he made friends with many high-ranking French officials. His first objective was to get France, or better, Louis XVI to formally recognize America as its own country. After that, he could then ask for assistance be it any of the three ms...men, munitions, or money. Franklin couldnt just simply ask the French for help without the promise of something in return, so he also had to convince the French that it would be a wise investment to help. With all this in mind, an agreement was close behind. After a long while and many bargains later, an agreement was signed on February 6, 1778. It was the Treaty of Paris....

T.S. Eliot and the Fisher King †Informal American Literature Essay

T.S. Eliot and the Fisher King – Informal American Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers T.S. Eliot and the Fisher King Informal American Literature Essay It is indeed fortunate that Eliot decide to include his Notes on The Waste Land. When one understands that the poem was written in post-World War I Europe, it is much simpler to comprehend much of what Eliot was trying to express. It is also just as (if not extremely more) beneficial to read Eliot’s passage in his Notes that details the influence of Jesse Weston’s From Ritual to Romance and Fraser’s The Golden Bough. The poem The Waste Land is primarily the description of a wasteland, replete with sorrowing subjects and all. However, it carries the promise that through death, life may be born again and the wasteland can be rejuvenated, a theme found in the works of both Weston and Fraser. One of the best examples of the theme of the necessity of death before rebirth is found in lines 71–72. This passage reads: That corpse you planted last year in your garden,Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? The theme of renewal following loss of life is certainly nothing new. Fraser’s anthropological work, The Golden Bough, describes the creation of primitive religions and mythology. Fraser maintains that these agrarian societies were originally completely dependent on the land and its storms, floods, and seasonal cycles for their lives. Thus, the personification of these phenomena resulted in the gods and spirits of their mythologies. Because of the obvious influence of the productivity of crop and soil, these religions generally were fertility religions. Eliot mentions that he especially drew on the Fraser’s volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Of these, the latter is particularly notable. Osiris was the king of Egpyt who was killed by his jealous brother, Set. Osiris’ wife Isis found his body and blew life back into him with her wings. Osiris then became the god of Nile flood plain fertility and of its harvest. The Egyptians literally thought that each year, Osiris died and his flesh became the harvest. Thus, through a death, life and birth could be sustained. In Eliot’s poem, â€Å"that corpse† was â€Å"planted† in a â€Å"garden† (71). The character in the poem is asking, â€Å"has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?† The corpse is, of course, a death. But, apparently, through this death, fruit may be produced, just as Osiris produces the harvest for the Egyptians. It is also certainly necessary to mention Weston’s book, From Ritual to Romance. This book details the Grail legend and describes it as a fertility myth about this very subject of rebirth through death. The fisher king in the Grail legend lives in a wasteland- a devastated terrain (presumably by famine, but can represent any type of dead and dying land) and he goes on a quest to find the grail to restore vitality to his kingdom. One version of the legend explains how, when the dying fisher king finally discovers the grail and drinks from it, he must die. Through his death, a new, strong, and virile king can arise to restore the wasteland to its former fertility. In the devastation of World War I, it is easy to see why Eliot described Europe as a â€Å"Waste Land.† He was living in an era of extensive devastation and the general outlook on basic humanity was bleak. However, he calls our attention to the nature of Earth’s fertility to assuage our souls. Because of the tilt of the planet, we are able to have extended seasons of warmth proper for growing a bountiful harvest. However, this tilt brings the other extreme- winter. It is a simple necessity for this winter â€Å"death† to occur before the Earth once again renews itself in the summer months. The death and devastation of World War I or any great tragedy can only bring temporary sorrow before life restores itself and we reap a harvest once again. Research Papers on T.S. Eliot and the Fisher King - Informal American Literature EssayMind TravelCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology

Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology Ile-Ife (pronounced EE-lay EE-fay), and known as Ife or Ife-Lodun is an ancient urban center, a Yoruba city in Osun state in southwestern Nigeria, about 135 northeast of Lagos. First occupied at least as early as the 1st millennium CE, it was most populous and important to the Ife culture during the 14th and 15th centuries CE, and it is considered the traditional birthplace of the Yoruba civilization, of the latter part of the African Iron Age. Today it is a thriving metropolis, with a population of about 350,000 people. Key Takeaways: Ile-Ife Ile-Ife is a Medieval period site in Nigeria, occupied between the 11th and 15th centuries CE.  It is considered the ancestral home of the Yoruba people.  Residents made naturalistic Benin bronzes, terracotta and copper allow sculptures.  Evidence at the site shows local manufacture of  glass beads, adobe brick houses, and potsherd pavements.   Prehistoric Chronology Pre-Classical (also known as Pre-Pavement), ?–11th centuriesClassical (Pavement), 12th–15th centuriesPost-Classic (Post-Pavement), 15th–17th centuries During its heyday of the 12th–15th centuries CE, Ile-Ife experienced a fluorescence in bronze and iron arts. Beautiful naturalistic terracotta and copper alloy sculptures made during the early periods have been found at Ife; later sculptures are of the lost-wax brass technique known as Benin bronzes. The bronzes are thought to represent rulers, priests, and other notable people during the citys florescence as a regional power. It was also during Classic period Ile Ife that construction of decorative pavements, open-air courtyards paved with pottery sherds. The sherds were set on edge, sometimes in decorative patterns, such as herringbone with embedded ritual pots. The pavements are unique to the Yoruba and believed to have been first commissioned by Ile-Ifes only female king. The Ife period buildings at Ile-Ife were constructed primarily of sun-dried adobe brick and so only a few remnants have survived. During the medieval period, two earthen rampart walls were erected around the city center, making Ile-Ife what archaeologists call a fortified settlement. The royal center had a circumference of about 2.5 miles, and its inner-most wall encircles an area of some three square miles. A second medieval period wall encircles an area of some five sq mi; both medieval walls are ~15 feet tall and 6.5 ft thick. Glass Works In 2010, excavations were undertaken in the northeastern part of the site by Abidemi Babatunde Babalola and colleagues who identified evidence that Ile Ife was making glass beads for its own consumption and for trade. The city had long been associated with glass processing and glass beads, but the excavations recovered almost 13,000 glass beads and several pounds of glassworking debris. The beads here have a unique chemical makeup, of contrasting levels of soda and potassium and high levels of alumina. The beads were made by drawing a long tube of glass and cutting it into lengths, mostly under two-tenths of an inch. Most of the finished beads were cylinders or oblates, the rest are tubes. Bead colors are primarily blue or blue-green, with a smaller percentage of colorless, green, yellow, or multicolored. A few are opaque, in yellow, dark red or dark gray. Bead-making manufacturing is indicated by pounds of glass waste and cullet, 14,000 potsherds. and fragments of several pottery crucibles. The vitrified ceramic crucibles are between 6 and 13 inches tall, with a mouth diameter of between 3–4 inches, which would have held between 5-40 pounds of molten glass.   The production site was used between the 11th and 15th centuries and represents rare evidence of early West African crafts. Archaeology at Ile-Ife Excavations at Ile Ife have been conducted by F. Willett, E. Ekpo and P.S. Garlake. Historical records also exist and have been used to study migration patterns of the Yoruba civilization. Sources and Further Information Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Igbo Olokun, Ile-Ife (Sw Nigeria): New Light on Raw Materials, Production, and Interregional Interactions. Journal of Archaeological Science 90 (2018): 92–105. Print.Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Ile-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the History of Glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): 732–50. Print.Ige, O.A., B.A. Ogunfolakana, and E.O.B.  Ajayi. Chemical Characterization of Some Potsherd Pavements from Parts of Yorubaland in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.1 (2009): 90–99. Print.Ige, O.A., and Samuel E.  Swanson. Provenance Studies of Esie Sculptural Soapstone from Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 35.6 (2008): 1553–65. Print.Obayemi, Ade M. Between Nok, Ile-Ife and Benin: Progress Report and Prospects. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 10.3 (1980): 79–94. Print.Ogundiran, Akinwumi. Four Millennia of Cultura l History in Nigeria (Ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory 19.2 (2005): 133–68. Print. Olupona, Jacob K. City of 201 Gods: Ilà ©-Ife in Time, Space, and the Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 223-241.Usman, Aribidesi A. On the Frontier of Empire: Understanding the Enclosed Walls in Northern Yoruba, Nigeria. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23 (2004): 119–32. Print.

Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points - Explanation and Text

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points - Explanation and Text One of the key US contributions to the end of World War I was  President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. These were an idealistic plan for rebuilding Europe and the world after the war, but their adoption by other nations was low and their success wanting. American Enters World War I In April 1917, after several years of entreaties from the Triple Entente forces, the United States of America entered World War I on the side of Britain, France, and their allies. There was a range of reasons behind this, from outright provocations, like Germany restarting unrestricted submarine warfare (the sinking of the Lusitania was still fresh in people’s minds) and stirring up trouble via the Zimmerman Telegram. But there were other reasons, such as America’s need to secure an allied victory to help, in turn, secure the repayment of the many loans and financial arrangements the US had organized, which were propping up the allies, and which may be lost if Germany won. Some historians have also identified US President Woodrow Wilson’s own desperation to help dictate the terms of the peace rather than being left on the international sidelines. The Fourteen Points Are Drafted Once American had declared, a massive mobilization of troops and resources took place. In addition, Wilson decided America needed a firm set of war aims to help guide policy and, equally as importantly, begin to organize the peace in a manner which would be lasting. This was, in truth, more than some of the nations went to war with in 1914†¦ An inquiry helped produce a program that Wilson would endorse as the Fourteen Points. The Full Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. The World Reacts American opinion was warmly receptive to the Fourteen Points, but then Wilson ran into the competing ideals of his allies. France, Britain, and Italy were hesitant, with all wanting concessions from peace that the points weren’t prepared to give, like reparations (France and Clemenceau were stiff supporters of crippling Germany through payments) and territorial gains. This led to a period of negotiations between the allies as ideas were smoothed through. But one group of nations who began to warm to the Fourteen Points was Germany and its allies. As 1918 went on and the final German attacks failed, many in Germany became convinced they could no longer win the war, and a peace based on Wilson and his Fourteen Points seemed to be the best they would get; certainly, more than they could expect from France. When Germany began arrangements for an armistice, it was the Fourteen Points they wished to come to terms under. The Fourteen Points Fail Once was the war was over, Germany having been brought to the verge of military collapse and forced into a surrender, the victorious allies gathered for the peace conference to sort the world out. Wilson and the Germans hoped the Fourteen Points would be the framework for negotiations, but once again the competing claims of the other major nations – mainly Britain and France – undermined what Wilson had intended. However, Britain’s Lloyd George and France’s Clemenceau were keen to give in some areas and agreed to the League of Nations. Wilson was unhappy as the final agreements – including the Treaty of Versailles – differed markedly from his goals, and America refused to join the League. As the 1920s and 30s developed, and war returned worse than before, the Fourteen Points were widely considered to have failed.